| Kayagar | |
|---|---|
| Cook River | |
| Geographic distribution | South Papua |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | kaya1327 |
 Map: The Kayagar languages of New Guinea
The Kayagar languages
Other Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
The Kayagar languages are a small family of four closely related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken around the Cook River in Province of South Papua, Indonesia:[1]
- Atohwaim (Kaugat)
- Gondu River
Proto-language
[edit]Pronouns
[edit]Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[1][2]
| Gondu River | Atohwaim | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sg | pl | sg | pl | |
| 1 | *nax | *nep | naxa | nipi, neβi |
| 2 | *ax | *akan | axa | aʔani |
| 3 | *ek | *wep | – | – |
Basic vocabulary
[edit]Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[1]
| gloss | Proto-Gondu River |
|---|---|
| head | *toxom |
| hair | *upm |
| ear | *itipaːm |
| eye | *sakam |
| nose | *jup |
| tooth | *o[x/ɣ]om |
| tongue | *maetap |
| foot/leg | *apit |
| blood | *jes |
| bone | *nomop |
| skin/bark | *pip |
| breast | *etum |
| louse | *num |
| dog | *epe |
| pig | *wakum |
| bird | *suopam |
| egg | *map-jaxam |
| tree/wood | *wom |
| man/person | *jo[k] |
| woman | *enop |
| sun | *taːm |
| moon | *xa[x/ɣ]atam |
| water | *o[x/ɣ]om |
| fire | *atu |
| stone | *maitn |
| path | *kamein |
| name | *na[k] |
| eat | *xapti |
| one | *pa[x/ɣ]amo[x/k] |
| two | *tousiki |
Vocabulary comparison
[edit]The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970)[3] and Voorhoeve (1971, 1975),[4][5] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[6]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. tikem, toxom for “head”) or not (e.g. icoxop, iripam for “ear”).
| gloss | Atohwaim | Kayagar | Tamagario |
|---|---|---|---|
| head | tikem | toxom | tokom |
| hair | upm | owpm | upm |
| ear | icoxop | iripam | ipiram |
| eye | saam | saxam | sakam |
| nose | opom | jup | jup |
| tooth | ukoxom | oxom | ukom |
| tongue | menaxaram | marap | marap |
| leg | apir | apir | apir |
| louse | numu | soːm | |
| dog | upoc | epere; epe(re) | epe |
| pig | wakum | wakum | wakum |
| bird | wakem | səpam | towpam |
| egg | mapiam | mapiaxam | mapiakam |
| blood | wis | jes; yes | jet; yet |
| bone | nömöp | namop; nəmop | nomop |
| skin | piep | pip | pip |
| breast | ötöm | erem | |
| tree | wim | wom | wom |
| man | mapirie | jo; yo | jo; yo |
| woman | enepe | onop | onop |
| sun | teme | taam | taam |
| moon | kaʔaram | xaxaram | kakaram |
| water | oxom | oxom | okom |
| fire | acu | aru | aru |
| stone | iki | kakup | maitu |
| road, path | sepmop | xami | kame |
| eat | owp | xapri | kapri |
| one | papriaxap | paxamu | pakamok |
| two | coopm | tosigi | totigi |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c New Guinea World, Gondu River[dead link]
- ^ New Guinea World, Atohwaim[dead link]
- ^ McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. doi:10.15144/PL-B16
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. doi:10.15144/PL-A28.47
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
External links
[edit]- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Gondu River
- (ibid.) Atohwaim[dead link]