| Goilalan | |
|---|---|
| Wharton Range | |
| Geographic distribution | Wharton Range, Central Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Binanderean–Goilalan[1]
|
| Language codes | |
 Map: The Goilalan languages of New Guinea
The Goilalan languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
The Goilalan or Wharton Range languages are a language family spoken around the Wharton Range in the "Bird's Tail" of New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages by Stephen Wurm (1975), but only tentatively retained there in the classification of Malcolm Ross (2005) and removed entirely by Timothy Usher (2020).[2]
Languages
[edit]The languages are,[2]
The languages are clearly related, especially northern Biagai, Kunimaipa, and Weri, which might be considered divergent dialects.[citation needed]
Pronouns
[edit]Pronouns are:
Tauade also has the possessive pronouns ne-ve, ni-e.
Vocabulary comparison
[edit]The following basic vocabulary words are from SIL field notes (1973, 1975, 1980), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[3]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ʒuvalo, kupal'iai for “two”) or not (e.g. gadolo, kepapaí for “ear”). Notice the very low number of cognate pairs.
| gloss | Fuyug | Tauade |
|---|---|---|
| head | hul ha; ondobe | kɔrɔtɔ |
| hair | are; hul haluma | awutu |
| ear | gadolo | kepapaí |
| eye | hul li; im | tavai |
| nose | hul hunga; unge | kiːtʰ |
| tooth | hul usi | nɔtɔvai |
| tongue | hul asese | aivi |
| leg | soga | lɔ'vai |
| louse | hi | dautʰ |
| dog | ho; oi | kɔveřa |
| pig | ovo | pɔřu |
| bird | nemba; nembe | kide |
| egg | hulombo | mutuwu |
| blood | tana | il'iví |
| bone | hude | keniví |
| skin | hul hoda; ode | kɔtipai |
| breast | hul duda | data |
| tree | i'i | eata |
| man | a'a; an | baře |
| woman | amu; amuri | iva |
| sun | evuli | vatava |
| moon | hama | ɔne |
| water | ʒu | ipi |
| fire | oki | e'na·m |
| stone | zo | evi'ti |
| road, path | enamba; inambe | bɔřiƀařa |
| name | ifa | ape'te |
| eat | huni nene | ɔmei nai |
| one | fida | kɔne |
| two | ʒuvalo | kupal'iai |
Evolution
[edit]Fuyuge reflexes of purported proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[4]
- baba ‘father’ < *mbapa
- sabe ‘saliva’ < *si(mb,p)at
- magata ‘mouth, jaw’ < *maŋgat[a]
- mele-pila ‘tongue’ < *mele-mbilaŋ
- imu ‘eye’ < *(ŋg,k)amu
- ije ‘tree’ < *inda
References
[edit]- ^ "New Guinea World, Oro – Wharton Range". Retrieved 2018-01-04.
- ^ a b NewGuineaWorld - Wharton Range
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. doi:10.15144/PL-572. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.