| Linguolabial | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ◌̼ | |||
| ◌ | |||
| |||
Linguolabials, or more specifically apicolabials and laminolabials, are consonants articulated by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip, which is drawn downward to meet the tongue. They represent one extreme of a coronal articulatory continuum that extends from labio-lingual to subapical-palatal places of articulation. Cross-linguistically, linguolabial consonants are very rare. They are found in a cluster of 17 Southern Oceanic languages in Vanuatu,[1] in the Kajoko dialect of Bijago in Guinea-Bissau, in Umotína (a recently extinct Bororoan language of Brazil), and as paralinguistic sounds elsewhere, such as 'expressive' words in Mochi Chaga. They are also relatively common in disordered speech, and the IPA diacritic is specifically provided for in the extensions to the IPA, as it is otherwise rare enough that speech pathologists might be unaware of it.
Description
[edit]
Sagittal section of a linguolabial stop.
Linguolabials are produced by constricting the airflow between the tongue and the upper lip. They are attested in a number of manners of articulation including stops, nasals, and fricatives.
Transcription
[edit]Linguolabial consonants are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with the "seagull"[2] diacritic, U+033C ◌̼ COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW, or potentially the same diacritic above, U+1AE5 ◌ COMBINING SEAGULL ABOVE, if the letter has a descender.
Transcription is inconsistent. The seagull diacritic was adopted by the IPA at the Kiel Convention in 1989. It was to be used on alveolar consonant letters. Only ⟨t̼ d̼⟩ were illustrated, but if the 'alveolar' instruction were followed, the consonant series would be written ⟨t̼ d̼ n̼ s̼ z̼⟩. This notation is seen in a number of sources. However, linguolabial fricatives are not sibilants, and in the extIPA chart in the IPA Handbook of 1999, they are illustrated on dental letters, making the series ⟨t̼ d̼ n̼ θ̼ ð̼⟩. This notation is also seen in a number of sources; indeed some, such as Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), employ both. More recently, official IPA transcription has used it on labial letters: ⟨p b̼ m̼ f̼ v̼⟩.[3] The choice of the base consonant may depend on whether the author analyses the linguolabial as being phonologically labial or alveolar.
Twenty years before Kiel, the IPA had transcribed such sounds with the (yet-to-be-approved) apical diacritic, U+033A ◌̺ COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW, on a labial letter, with the analysis of these sounds as apico-labial.[4] However, Olson et al. (2013, p. 64) state that this solution is 'unsuitable' because the articulation of linguolabials may be either apical or laminal.
List of consonants
[edit]| IPA letter | Description | Example | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coronal | Labial | Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
| linguolabial nasal | Araki | m̈ana | [n̼ana] | [m̼ana] | "laugh"[5][6][7] | ||
p |
voiceless linguolabial plosive | Tangoa | p̈ep̈e | [t̼et̼e] | [pepe] | "butterfly"[8] | |
| voiced linguolabial plosive | Kajoko dialect of Bijago | [nɔ̀d̼ɔ́ːɡ] | [nɔ̀b̼ɔ́ːɡ] | "stone"[9] | |||
| voiceless linguolabial fricative | Big Nambas | [ˈinɛθ̼] | [ˈinɛf̼] | "he is asthmatic" (Voiceless word-initially and -finally.) | |||
| [ˈinɛs̼] | |||||||
| voiced linguolabial fricative | Tangoa | v̈atu | [ð̼atu] | [v̼atu] | "stone"[8] | ||
| [z̼atu] | |||||||
| labiolingual trill (uses lower lip) |
Coatlán Zapotec | (paralinguistic) | [r̼̊ʔ] | [ʙ̼̊ʔ] | Used in mimesis of a child's flatulence.[10] | ||
| linguolabial click release (potentially multiple consonants) | Coatlán Zapotec | (paralinguistic) | [ǀ̼ʔ] | [ʘ̼ʔ] | Used in mimesis of eating soup or of a pig drinking water.[10] | ||
ɋ |
[ʇ̼ʔ] | [ɋʔ] | |||||
Labiolinguals
[edit]By analogy of the distinction made between labiodentals and dentolabials, labiolinguals may be distinguished as consonants articulated by touching the tongue to the lower lip. Such sounds could conceivably be distinguished by placing the diacritic above the letter, as with dentolabials, but that is not an established convention.
| Transcription | Description | Example | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | ExtIPA | Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
| ¡ | The release of [ɺɺ̼]~[ɺ¡], a lateral double-flap allophone of /ɡ/ used in special speech performance, which is a sublaminal strike of the lower lip.[11] | Pirahã | toogixi | [tòːɺɺ̼ìʔì] | "hoe" | ||
| ɾ | |||||||
Linguolabials as a diachronic stage in sound shifts
[edit]In Vanuatu, some of the Santo–Malekula languages have shifted historically from bilabial to alveolar consonants via an intermediate linguolabial stage, which remains in other Santo and Malekula languages.[12]
While labials have become linguolabial before nonrounded vowels in various languages (e.g. Tangoa, Araki, Nese), the sound shift went further in languages such as Tolomako, which shifted the linguolabials to full alveolar consonants: *b > *[p] > p̈ [t̼] > t [t]; *m > m̈ [n̼] > n [n]. Thus, POc *bebe 'butterfly' > [t̼et̼e] (spelled p̈ep̈e in Tangoa or in Araki[13]) later became [tete] in Tolomako. Likewise, POc *tama 'father' > [tan̼a] (cf. Tangoa tam̈a, Araki r̄am̈a[14]) > Tolomako [tana].
However, in several languages linguolabials are shifting back to bilabial, namely in Tutuba, Vʼënen Taut, Tangoa, Mavʼea.
Distribution
[edit]Languages that have linguolabials as ordinary speech sounds:[15][16][17]
| Country | Language | Phonemes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Coronal letter) | (Labial letter) | ||
| Vanuatu | Aore, Araki, Mafea, Mpotovoro, Tangoa | /t̼, n̼, ð̼/ | /p, m̼, v̼/ |
| Vʼënen Taut | /t̼, n̼, θ̼~ð̼/ | /p, m̼, f̼~v̼/ | |
| Nese, Vao | /ⁿd̼, n̼, ð̼/ | /ᵐb̼, m̼, v̼/ | |
| Tutuba | /ⁿd̼, n̼/ | /ᵐb̼, m̼/ | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Bijago, Kajoko dialect | /d̼/ | /b̼/ |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Lynch (2019), pp. 292, 318.
- ^ Olson et al. (2009), p. 521.
- ^ Guerin, Valerie; Aoyama, Katsura (2009). "Mavea (Illustrations of the IPA)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (2): 249–262. JSTOR 44526996.
- ^ A. Haudricourt (1968) de lɑ̃ːg melanezjɛn a tɔ̃ ɑ̃ nuvɛl kaledɔni. Le Maître Phonétique, vol. 46 (83), no. 129.
- ^ François, Alexandre (2002). Araki: A disappearing language of Vanuatu (PDF). Pacific Linguistics. Vol. 522. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 15, 270. hdl:1885/146137. ISBN 0-85883-493-6.
- ^ François, Alexandre (2008). An online Araki-English-French dictionary. Electronic publication: entry m̈ana
- ^ Audio link: excerpt from a text in Araki language (sentence s75), showcasing the form m̈ana (source: Pangloss archive).
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 19.
- ^ Olson et al. (2009), p. 523.
- ^ a b Beam de Azcona, Rosemary. "Sound Symbolism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
- ^ Everett, Daniel Leonard (December 1982). "Phonetic rarities in Pirahã". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 12 (2): 94–96. doi:10.1017/S0025100300002498. JSTOR 44526660. S2CID 143928460. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ Lynch (2019), pp. 298–304.
- ^ François, Alexandre (2008). An online Araki-English-French dictionary. Electronic publication: entry p̈ep̈e
- ^ François, Alexandre (2008). An online Araki-English-French dictionary. Electronic publication: entry r̄am̈a
- ^ François (2002), pp. 14–16.
- ^ Olson et al. (2013), pp. 62–63.
- ^ Lynch (2019), p. 318.
References
[edit]- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Lynch, John (2019). "The bilabial-to-linguolabial shift in Southern Oceanic: A subgrouping diagnostic?". Oceanic Linguistics. 58 (2): 292–323. doi:10.1353/ol.2019.0010. ISSN 1527-9421. Retrieved 2026-02-12.
- Maddieson, Ian (1987). Linguo-labials. VICAL: Papers from the 5th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Vol. I. Auckland, NZ: Linguistic Society of New Zealand. pp. 21–45.
- Olson, Kenneth; Reiman, D. William; Sabio, Fernando; da Silva, Filipe Alberto (2009). "The voiced linguolabial plosive in Kajoko". Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society. 45 (1): 519–530.
- "The voiced linguolabial plosive in Kajoko". Journal of West African Languages. 40 (2): 61–71. 2013.
