Close central rounded vowel

Near-close central rounded vowel
Near-close central rounded vowel
ʉ̞
ɵ̝
ʊ̈
Audio sample
	source · help
Image

Close central compressed vowel
Close central compressed vowel
ʉ᫦
ɨᵝ
ÿ
Image

Close central rounded vowel
Close central rounded vowel
ʉ
IPA number	318
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʉ
Unicode (hex)	U+0289
X-SAMPA	}
Braille
Image

IPA: Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend: unrounded • rounded

The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʉ⟩. The sound is also commonly referred to by the name of its symbol, "barred u".

The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare labialized post-palatal approximant [ẅ].[2]

In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips (endolabial). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (exolabial).

Close central protruded vowel

The close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʉ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ʉ̫⟩ for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʉʷ⟩ or ⟨ɨʷ⟩ (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Spectrogram of [ʉ]

Occurrence

Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Angami	Khonoma[3]	su	[sʉ˦]	'deep'	Allophone of /u/ after /s/.[3]
Armenian	Some Eastern dialects[4]	յուղ/yowġ	[jʉʁ]	'oil'	Allophone of /u/ after /j/.
Berber	Ayt Seghrouchen [5]	ⵍⵍⴰⵢⴳⴳⵓⵔ/llayggur	[lːæjˈɡːʉɾ]	'he goes'	Allophone of /u/ after velar consonants.
Dutch	Standard Northern[6]	nu	[nʉ]	'now'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩; also described as close front [y][7] and near-close front [y˕].[8] See Dutch phonology
English	Australian [9]	goose	[ɡʉːs]	'goose'	See Australian English phonology
	New Zealand [10]				See New Zealand English phonology
	Modern Received Pronunciation [11]				Realized as back [uː] in the conservative variety.[11]
	Scouse [12]				May (less commonly) be fully front [yː] instead.[12]
	South African [13]				Realized as back [uː] in the conservative variety and in many Black and Indian varieties.[13] See South African English phonology
	General American [14]		[ɡʉs]		Can be back [u] instead.[14]
German	Upper Saxon [15]	Buden	[ˈb̥ʉːd̥n̩]	'booths'	The example word is from the Chemnitz dialect.
Hausa [16]		[example needed]			Allophone of /u/.[16]
Ibibio	Dialect of the Uruan area and Uyo [17]	fuuk	[fʉ́ʉk]	'cover many things/times'	Allophone of /u/ between consonants.[17]
Ibibio	Some dialects[17]	[example needed]			Phonemic; contrasts with /u/.[17]
Irish	Munster [18]	ciúin	[cʉːnʲ]	'quiet'	Allophone of /u/ between slender consonants.[18] See Irish phonology
Irish	Ulster [19]	úllaí	[ˈʉ̜l̪ˠi]	'apples'	Often only weakly rounded;[19] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨u⟩.
Irula [20]			[mʉːj]	"to surround"	Has other centralized vowels.
Kurdish	Southern [21]	müçig	[mʉːˈt͡ʃɯɡ]	'dust'	See Kurdish phonology
Limburgish	Some dialects[22][23]	bruudsje	[ˈbʀ̝ʉtʃə]	'breadroll'	Close [ʉ][22] or near-close [ʉ̞],[23] depending on the dialect. Close front [y] in other dialects.[24] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is close.
Lüsu [25]		[lʉ˥zʉ˥˧]		'Lüsu'
Russian [26]		кюрий/kyuriy/kjurij	[ˈkʲʉrʲɪj]	'curium'	Allophone of /u/ between palatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed.[26] See Russian phonology
Scots [27]		buit	[bʉt]	'boot'	May be more front [ʏ] instead.[27]
Scottish Gaelic	older Lewis speakers[28]	co-dhiù	[kʰɔˈjʉː]	'anyway'	Normal allophone of [uː]. Fronted as [yː] among younger speakers.
Scottish Gaelic	Wester Ross and Lochalsh [29]	co-dhiù	[kʰɔˈjʉː]	Normal allophone of [uː].
Swedish	Bohuslän[30]	yla	[²ʉᶻːlä]	'howl'	A fricated vowel that corresponds to [y̫ː] in Central Standard Swedish.[30] See Swedish phonology
Swedish	Närke[30]	yla	[²ʉᶻːlä]	'howl'
Tamil [31]		வால்	[väːlʉ]	'tail'	Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be unrounded [ɨ] instead.[31] See Tamil phonology

Close central compressed vowel

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨◌᫦⟩ (the opposite of ⟨◌̫⟩), will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for compressed central vowels. It was only added to Unicode in 2025, however, and it may take some time for font support to catch up. Another attested transcription is ⟨ɨᵝ⟩ ([ɨ] modified with labial compression),[32] though this may imply that the vowel is a diphthong (as indeed it is in Swedish).

The central-vowel stroke of ⟨ɨ ɵ ʉ⟩ may also be used with the front compressed vowel [y] to create the ad hoc symbol ⟨ɏ⟩, or the diacritic for centralization to create ⟨ÿ⟩.

Features

Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

This vowel is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. It occurs in some dialects of Swedish, but see also close front compressed vowel. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See close back compressed vowel. It also occurs in Japanese as an allophone. Medumba has a compressed central vowel [ɨᵝ] where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together.[33]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Norwegian	Urban East [34][35]	hus	[hʉ᫦ːs]	'house'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉː⟩. Also described as front [yː].[36] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish	Some dialects	ful	[fʉ᫦ːl]	'ugly'	More front [yː ~ ʏː] in Central Standard Swedish; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʉː⟩. See Swedish phonology

Near-close central protruded vowel

Some languages feature the near-close central rounded vowel, which is slightly lower than a typical [ʉ]. It is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ̞⟩, ⟨ʊ̈⟩ and ⟨ʊ̟⟩, but ⟨ɵ̝⟩ is also a possible transcription. The symbol ⟨ᵿ⟩, a conflation of ⟨ʊ⟩ and ⟨ʉ⟩, is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells.

Features

Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch	Randstad [37]	hut	[ɦɵ̝t]	'hut'	Found in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Lower [ɵ] in Standard Dutch.[37] See Dutch phonology
English	Estuary [38]	foot	[fʉ̞ʔt]	'foot'	The exact height, backness and roundedness is variable.[38]
	Cockney [39]	good	[ɡʊ̈d]	'good'	Only in some words, particularly good, otherwise realized as near-back [ʊ].[39]
	Rural white Southern American [40]				Can be front [ʏ] instead.[40]
	Southeastern English [41]				May be unrounded [ɪ̈] instead;[41] it corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology
	Ulster [42]				Short allophone of /u/.[42]
	Shetland [43]	strut	[stɹʊ̈t]	'strut'	Can be [ɔ̟] or [ʌ] instead.[43]

Near-close central compressed vowel

ʉ̞᫧

ɨ̞ᵝ

ʏ̈

Image

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨◌᫦⟩ (the opposite of ⟨◌̫⟩), will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for compressed central vowels. It was only added to Unicode in 2025, however, and it may take some time for font support to catch up.

The central-vowel stroke of ⟨ɨ ɵ ʉ⟩ may also be used with the front compressed vowel [ʏ] to create the ad hoc symbol ⟨ʏ̵⟩, or the diacritic for centralization to create ⟨ʏ̈⟩.

Features

Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Japanese	Some younger speakers[44]	空気 / kūki	[kʉ̞᫧ːki]	'air'	Allophone of /u/; near-back [u̟] for other speakers.[44]
Japanese	Standard Tokyo pronunciation	寿司 / sushi	[sʉ̞᫧ɕi]	'sushi'	Allophone of /u/ after /s, z, t/ and palatalized consonants.[45] See Japanese phonology

Notes

^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
^ a b Blankenship et al. (1993), p. 129.
^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 14.
^ Abdel-Massih (1971), p. 20.
^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
^ Gussenhoven (2007), p. 30.
^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
^ Schneider et al. (2004), p. 582.
^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 133.
^ a b Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
^ a b Lass (2002), p. 116.
^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 476, 487.
^ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), p. 90.
^ a b c d Urua (2004), p. 106.
^ a b Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 50.
^ Fattah (2000), pp. 110–122.
^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
^ a b Verhoeven (2007), pp. 221, 223.
^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 75.
^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 38, 67–68.
^ a b Schneider et al. (2004), p. 54.
^ Nance (2013).
^ "Aspiration". Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
^ a b c Riad (2014), p. 21.
^ a b Keane (2004), p. 114.
^ e.g. in Flemming (2002) Auditory representations in phonology, p. 83.
^ Olson, Kenneth; Meynadier, Yohann (2015). "ON MEDUMBA BILABIAL TRILLS AND VOWELS". 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences: USBkey#0522. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15, 21.
^ Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 29.
^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 18.
^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:128, 131). The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central [ɵ̟], but more sources (e.g. van Heuven & Genet (2002) and Verhoeven (2005)) describe it as central [ɵ]. As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.
^ a b Schneider et al. (2004), pp. 188, 191–192.
^ a b Mott (2011), p. 75.
^ a b Thomas (2004), pp. 303, 308.
^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 174.
^ a b Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
^ a b Melchers (2004), p. 42.
^ a b Okada (1999), p. 118.
^ Labrune, Laurence (2012). The Phonology of Japanese. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4.

References

Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971), A Reference Grammar of Tamazight, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys). Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77111-0.[permanent dead link]
Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (1993), "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 127–141
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Lizu", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007), Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands? (PDF) (in Dutch), Nijmegen: Radboud University, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2017
Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels" (PDF), Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, S2CID 145635698
Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
Fattah, Ismaïl Kamandâr (2000), Les dialectes Kurdes méridionaux, Acta Iranica, ISBN 9042909188
Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
Melchers, Gunnel (2004), "English spoken in Orkney and Shetland: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 35–46, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Mott, Brian (2011), "Traditional Cockney and Popular London Speech" (PDF), Dialectologia, 9: 69–94, ISSN 2013-2247
Nance, Claire (2013), Phonetic variation, sound change, and identity in Scottish Gaelic (PhD), University of Glasgow
Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, eds. (2004), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–95, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
Thomas, Erik R. (2004), "Rural Southern white accents", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
van Heuven, Vincent J.; Genet, Roos (2002). Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de u van put?. Dag van de Fonetiek. Utrecht. A summary of the presentation can be found here Archived 2018-10-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180
Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128541-0 .

External links

List of languages with [ʉ] on PHOIBLE

[1] While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".

[2] Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".

[FOOTNOTEBlankenshipLadefogedBhaskararaoChase1993129-3] Blankenship et al. (1993), p. 129.

[FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200914-4] Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 14.

[FOOTNOTEAbdel-Massih197120-5] Abdel-Massih (1971), p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199247-6] Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.

[FOOTNOTEGussenhoven200730-7] Gussenhoven (2007), p. 30.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003132-8] Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.

[FOOTNOTEHarringtonCoxEvans1997-9] Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).

[FOOTNOTESchneiderBurridgeKortmannMesthrie2004582-10] Schneider et al. (2004), p. 582.

[FOOTNOTECruttenden2014133-11] Cruttenden (2014), p. 133.

[watson-12] Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844

[FOOTNOTELass2002116-13] Lass (2002), p. 116.

[FOOTNOTEWells1982476,_487-14] Wells (1982), pp. 476, 487.

[FOOTNOTEKhanWeise2013236-15] Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.

[FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199990-16] Schuh & Yalwa (1999), p. 90.

[FOOTNOTEUrua2004106-17] Urua (2004), p. 106.

[FOOTNOTEÓ_Sé2000?-18] Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.

[FOOTNOTENí_Chasaide1999114-19] Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.

[FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200350-20] Krishnamurti (2003), p. 50.

[FOOTNOTEFattah2000110–122-21] Fattah (2000), pp. 110–122.

[FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999159-22] Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.

[FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2007221,_223-23] Verhoeven (2007), pp. 221, 223.

[FOOTNOTEPeters2006119-24] Peters (2006), p. 119.

[FOOTNOTEChirkovaChen201375-25] Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 75.

[FOOTNOTEJonesWard196938,_67–68-26] Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 38, 67–68.

[FOOTNOTESchneiderBurridgeKortmannMesthrie200454-27] Schneider et al. (2004), p. 54.

[FOOTNOTENance2013-28] Nance (2013).

[SGDS-29] "Aspiration". Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-23.

[FOOTNOTERiad201421-30] Riad (2014), p. 21.

[FOOTNOTEKeane2004114-31] Keane (2004), p. 114.

[32] .g. in Flemming (2002) Auditory representations in phonology, p. 83.

[33] Olson, Kenneth; Meynadier, Yohann (2015). "ON MEDUMBA BILABIAL TRILLS AND VOWELS". 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences: USBkey#0522. Retrieved 20 November 2021.

[FOOTNOTEStrandskogen197915,_21-34] Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15, 21.

[FOOTNOTEPopperwell201016,_29-35] Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 29.

[FOOTNOTEVanvik197913,_18-36] Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 18.

[cm-37] Collins & Mees (2003:128, 131). The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central [ɵ̟], but more sources (e.g. van Heuven & Genet (2002) and Verhoeven (2005)) describe it as central [ɵ]. As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.

[FOOTNOTESchneiderBurridgeKortmannMesthrie2004188,_191–192-38] Schneider et al. (2004), pp. 188, 191–192.

[FOOTNOTEMott201175-39] Mott (2011), p. 75.

[FOOTNOTEThomas2004303,_308-40] Thomas (2004), pp. 303, 308.

[FOOTNOTELodge2009174-41] Lodge (2009), p. 174.

[ireland-42] Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.

[FOOTNOTEMelchers200442-43] Melchers (2004), p. 42.

[FOOTNOTEOkada1999118-44] Okada (1999), p. 118.

[45] Labrune, Laurence (2012). The Phonology of Japanese. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4.

Close central protruded vowel

Features

Occurrence

Close central compressed vowel

Features

Occurrence

Near-close central protruded vowel

Features

Occurrence

Near-close central compressed vowel

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links