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 The original scale image of Tyrannosaurus from its description.
" Tyrannosaurus and Other Cretaceous Carnivorous Dinosaurs" (1905) a paper by Henry Fairfield Osborn. As the research paper which first described the dinosaur species Tyrannosaurus rex, this paper is of great scientific and historic significance. Tyrannosaurus rex, or T. rex as it is often known as, is one of the most well-known species of dinosaur, and was a large carnivorous dinosaur which lived during the Cretaceous Period. It was one of the last non- avian dinosaur species to become extinct during the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction event, which took place around 65 million years ago.
In 1902, the American Museum expedition in Montana, led by Mr. Barnum Brown, and accompanied by Professor R. S. Lull, secured considerable portions of the skeleton of one of the great Carnivorous Dinosaurs of Upper Cretaceous or Laramie age. Additional portions of this skeleton (Amer. Mus. No. 973) are now (1905) being taken out. I propose to make this animal the type of the new genus Tyrannosaurus, in reference to its size, which greatly exceeds that of any carnivorous land animal hitherto described.
I also briefly characterize as Dynamosaurus another carnivorous dinosaur, with dermal plates, found by Mr. Brown in 1900. The carnivorous group has hitherto been considered as belonging to the single genus Dryptosaurus, but it is probably little less diversified than its herbivorous contemporaries among the Iguanodontia and Ceratopsia. The generic distinctions which are herein indicated by partially studied remains will probably be intensified by future research. Geological, geographical, and morphological considerations render it a priori probable not only that the above genera as well as Deinodon are distinct from Dryptosaurus but that a fifth Cretaceous genus of somewhat more primitive character, which may be called Albertosaurus, is represented in the British Columbia skulls hitherto described as Dryptosaurus. ( see more...)
Awards and recognition
The Tireless Contributor Barnstar may be awarded to especially tireless Wikipedians who contribute an especially large body of work without sacrificing quality.
"In tribute to your successful efforts in expanding the content and character of Wikipedia."
Awarded by: Ecoleetage (21 December 2008)
- ... that within the United States, dinosaur fossils (example pictured) have been found in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, D.C., and Wyoming, but not in Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, Ohio, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, or Wisconsin?
- ... that highlights from the history of tyrannosaur research include the first carnivorous dinosaur known to walk bipedally, the giant Tyrannosaurus rex, and feathered taxa from China like Yutyrannus?
- ... that highlights from the history of dromaeosaurid research include a skeleton of Velociraptor preserved in combat with a Protoceratops, the gigantic Utahraptor, and tiny four-winged Microraptor?
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List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wyoming
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List of Mesozoic dinosaur fossils with proposed causes of death
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User:Abyssal/List of controversies in paleontology
- Cruickshank, A. R. I. (1994a). "Cranial anatomy of the Lower Jurassic pliosaur Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus (Stutchbury) (Reptilia: Plesiosauria)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 343: 247–260.
- Cruickshank, A. R. I. (1994b). "A juvenile plesiosaur (Plesiosauria: Reptilia) from the Lower Lias (Hettangian: Lower Jurassic)of Lyme Regis, England: a pliosauroid-plesiosauroid intermediate?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 112: 151–178.
- Delair, J. B. (1959). "The Mesozoic reptiles of Dorset. Part 2". Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. 80: 52–90.
- Persson, P. O. (1963). "A revision of the classification of the Plesiosauria with a synopsis of the stratigraphical and geographical distribution of the group". Lunds Universitet A0rsskrift. 59: 1–60.
- Powell, H. P.; Edmonds, J. M. (1978). "List of type-fossils in the Philpot Collection, Oxford University Museum". Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. 98: 43–53.
- Storrs, G. W. (1991). "Anatomy and relationships of Corosaurus alcovensis (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) and the Triassic Alcova Limestone of Wyoming". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 44: 1–151.
- Storrs, G. W. (1993a). "Function and phylogeny in sauropterygian (Diapsida) evolution". American Journal of Science. 293-A: 63–90.
- Storrs, G. W. (1993b). "The systematic position of Silvestrosaurus and a classification of Triassic sauropterygians (Neodiapsida)". Pal'a'ontologische Zeitschrift. 67: 177–191.
- Storrs, G. W. (1994). "Fossil vertebrate faunas of the British Rhaetian (latest Triassic)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 112: 217–259.
- Storrs, G. W.; Taylor, M. A. (1996). "Cranial anatomy of a new plesiosaur genus from the lowermost Lias (Rhaetian/Hettangian) of Street, Somerset, England". Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 16: 403–420.
- Taylor, M. A. (1992). "Functional anatomy of the head of the large aquatic predator Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus (Plesiosauria, Reptilia) from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic of Yorkshire, England". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 335: 247–280.
- Taylor, M. A.; Cruickshank, A. R. I. (1993). "Cranial anatomy and functional morphology of Pliosaurus brachyspondylus (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of Westbury, Wiltshire". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 341: 399–418.
- Torrens, H. S. (1995). "Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme: "the greatest fossilist the world ever knew."". British Journal for the History of Science. 28: 257–284.
- Tschanz, K. (1989). "Lariosaurus buzzii n. sp. from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland) with comments on the classification of nothosaurs". Palaeontographica A. 208: 153–179.
- Watson, D. M. S. (1924). "The elasmosaurid shoulder-girdle and forelimb". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 885–917.
- White, T. E. (1940). "Holotype of Plesiosaurus longirostris Blake and classification of the plesiosaurs". Journal of Paleontology. 14: 451–467.
19th century
1821
- De la Beche and Conybeare published a sketchy description of some poorly preserved fossils found in various places and rock layers in southwestern England, for which they coined the genus name Plesiosaurus.~145-146 and 150~ However, the separate origins of these "Plesiosaurus" specimens suggest that they actually came from multiple different kinds of animal. Complicating matters further, these remains were later disposed of so the exact identity of their source the cannot be verified or inferred from the inadequate description in the text. De la Beche and Conybeare also failed to designate a type species for their new genus.~150~
For comments on the geographic source and preservation of the original Plesiosaurus fossils, see 145-146. For comments on their stratigraphic provenance, see 150. For the original publication, see.
1822
1823
1824
1829
1840
- Owen described the species Plesiosaurus hawkinsi.renamed by Storrs and Taylor 1996.~179~
Owen also described the species Plesiosaurus macromus.~180~
1848
1865
- Owen described the species Plesiosaurus homalospondylus and P. rostratus. These species are now respectively classified in the genera Microcleidus and Archaeonectrus.~179~
- Seeley described the species Plesiosaurus cliduchus.~180~
1874
1880
1882
1890
- Lydekker found Plesiosaurus pirscus, named by Parkinson in 1822, to be a nomen dubium.~150-151~
He also found "Plesiosaurus" cliduchus to be synonymous with P. dolichodeirus.~180~
1895
- Dames described the new species Plesiosaurus guilelmiiperatoris.[1]
20th century
1909
- Watson erected the new genus Microcleidus for the species "Plesiosaurus" homalospondylus described by Owen in 1865.~179~
1923
- Huene described the new species Plesiosaurus brachypterygius.~179~
1940
1964
- Novozhilov erected the new genus Archaeonectrus for the species "Plesiosaurus" rostratus described by Owen in 1865.~179~
1981
1990
- Sciau and others contended that Plesiosaurus tournemirensis is a distinctive species in that genus.~146~
1993
- Storrs observed that the plesiosaurs' use of flippers with extra phalanges as their primary means of locomotion was unique among formerly terrestrial animal groups that adapted to aquatic life.[2]
- Robert T. Bakker erected the new genus Attenborosaurus for the species "Plesiosaurus" conybeare, described by Sollas in 1881.
21st century
2001
Adams, D. A. (1997). "Trinacromerum bonneri, New Species, Last and Fastest Pliosaur of the Western Interior Seaway". Texas Journal of Science. 49 (3): 179–198.
Carpenter, Kenneth (1999). "Revision of North American Elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior". Paludicola. 2 (2). Stuttgart: 148–173.
Chatterjee, S.; Zinsmeister, W. J. (1982). "Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Antarctic Journal. 17 (5): 66.
Cicimurri, D. J.; Everhart, M. J. (2001). "An Elasmosaur with Stomach Contents and Gastroliths from the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous) of Kansas". Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions. 104 (3–4): 129–143.
Cope, Edward Drinker (1868). "Remarks on a new Enaliosaurian, Elasmosaurus platyurus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia. 20: 92–93.
Cope, Edward Drinker (1869). "Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia of North America: Part I". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series. 14 (1 ed.): 235.
Cope, Edward Drinker (1870). "Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia of North America: Part I". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series. 14 (2 ed.): 235.
Everhart, Michael J. (2000). "Gastroliths Associated with Plesiosaur Remains in the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), Western Kansas". Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions. 103 (1–2): 58–69.
Everhart, Michael J. (2002). "Remains of Immature Mosasaurs (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of Western Kansas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (Supplement to Number 2): 52A.
Everhart, Michael J. (2003). "First Records of Plesiosaur Remains in the Lower Smoky Hill Chalk Member (Upper Coniacian) of the Niobrara Formation in Western Kansas". Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions. 106 (3–4): 139–148.
Everhart, Michael J. (2004a). "Plesiosaurs as the food of Mosasaurs: New Data on the Stomach Contents of a Tylosaurus proriger (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of Western Kansas". The Mosasaur. 7: 41–46.
Everhart, Michael J. (2004b). "Conchoidal Fractures Preserved on Elasmosaur Gastroliths are Evidence of Use in Processing Food". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (Supplement to 3): 56A.
Hector, J. (1874). "On the Fossil Reptilia of New Zealand". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 6: 333–364.
Leidy, J. (1870). "[Remarks on Elasmosaurus platyurus]". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 22: 9–10.
Lingham-Soliar, T. "Plesiosaur Locomotion: Is the Four-Wing Problem Real or Merely an Atheoretical Exercise?". Neues Jahrbuch f'u'r Geologie und Palaeontologie. 217. Stuttgart: 45–87.
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Prehistoric life by US state
Prehistoric US state
Precambrian US states
Paleozoic US state
Need Kanashimi image bot, daggers
Mesozoic state
Kanashimi image bot, daggers
Cenozoic state
sp, merging, kanashimi, daggers
Canadian provinces
Prehistoric canada
Paleozoic Canada
Mesozoic Canada
Cenozoic Canada
Countries of Asia
Prehistoric Asia
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Afghanistan,Kabul
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Armenia,Yerevan
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Azerbaijan,Baku
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Bahrain,Manama
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Bangladesh,Dhaka
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Bhutan,Thimphu
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Brunei,Bandar Seri Begawan
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Cambodia,Phnom Penh
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of China,Beijing
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Taiwan,Taipei
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of East Timor,Dili
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of India,New Delhi
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Indonesia,Jakarta
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Iran,Tehran
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Iraq,Baghdad
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Israel,Jerusalem
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Palestine,Jerusalem
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Japan,Tokyo
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Jordan,Amman
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Kazakhstan,Astana
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Kuwait,Kuwait
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Kyrgyzstan,Bishkek
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Laos,Vientiane
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Lebanon,Beirut
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Maldives,Malé
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Mongolia,Ulaanbaatar
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Myanmar,Naypyidaw
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Nepal,Kathmandu
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of North Korea,Pyongyang
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Oman,Muscat
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Pakistan,Islamabad
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Philippines,Manila
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Qatar,Doha
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Russia,Moscow
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Saudi Arabia,Riyadh
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Singapore,Singapore
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of South Korea,Seoul
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Sri Lanka,Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte and Colombo now
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Syria,Damascus
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Tajikistan,Dushanbe
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Thailand,Bangkok
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Taiwan,Taipei
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Turkey,Ankara
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Turkmenistan,Asgabat
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of United Arab Emirates,Abu Dhabi
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Uzbekistan,Tashkent
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Vietnam,Hanoi
- Draft: List of the prehistoric life of Yemen,Sana’a
Template:Stratigraphic column of Alabama
Template:Stratigraphic column of Alaska
Template:Stratigraphic column of Arizona
Template:Stratigraphic column of Arkansas
Template:Stratigraphic column of California
Template:Stratigraphic column of Colorado
Template:Stratigraphic column of Connecticut
Template:Stratigraphic column of Delaware
Template:Stratigraphic column of Florida
Template:Stratigraphic column of Georgia
Template:Stratigraphic column of Hawaii
Template:Stratigraphic column of Idaho
Template:Stratigraphic column of Illinois
Template:Stratigraphic column of Indiana
Template:Stratigraphic column of Iowa
Template:Stratigraphic column of Kansas
Template:Stratigraphic column of Kentucky
Template:Stratigraphic column of Louisiana
Template:Stratigraphic column of Maine
Template:Stratigraphic column of Maryland
Template:Stratigraphic column of Massachusetts
Template:Stratigraphic column of Michigan
Template:Stratigraphic column of Minnesota
Template:Stratigraphic column of Mississippi
Template:Stratigraphic column of Missouri
Template:Stratigraphic column of Montana
Template:Stratigraphic column of Nebraska
Template:Stratigraphic column of Nevada
Template:Stratigraphic column of New Hampshire
Template:Stratigraphic column of New Jersey
Template:Stratigraphic column of New Mexico
Template:Stratigraphic column of New York
Template:Stratigraphic column of North Carolina
Template:Stratigraphic column of North Dakota
Template:Stratigraphic column of Ohio
Template:Stratigraphic column of Oklahoma
Template:Stratigraphic column of Oregon
Template:Stratigraphic column of Pennsylvania
Template:Stratigraphic column of Rhode Island
Template:Stratigraphic column of South Carolina
Template:Stratigraphic column of South Dakota
Template:Stratigraphic column of Tennessee
Template:Stratigraphic column of Texas
Template:Stratigraphic column of Utah
Template:Stratigraphic column of Vermont
Template:Stratigraphic column of Virginia
Template:Stratigraphic column of Washington
Template:Stratigraphic column of West Virginia
Template:Stratigraphic column of Wisconsin
Template:Stratigraphic column of Wyoming
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This is an alphabetical list of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of sovereign states and dependent territories in Draft:List of the prehistoric life of North America. This list uses the most inclusive definition of North America, which covers the landmass north of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Panama-Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Colombia border, and the islands of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Caribbean. North America is the northern Draft:List of the prehistoric life of continent of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Americas,[3] situated in Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Earth's Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Northern Hemisphere and almost totally in the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Western Hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the North Pacific Ocean; Draft:List of the prehistoric life of South America lies to the southeast.
Sovereign states
Non-sovereign territories
This section contains areas that are not sovereign states, but are not part of the sovereign states listed above. This includes dependent territories and integral areas of a primarily non-North American state.
Dependent territories
Dependencies that are not internationally recognized, or not in effect, are listed in italics.
Other areas
See also
Notes
References
Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Category:North America-related lists
North America
Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Category:Lists of countries in the Americas
Ages
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleogene
Neogene
Draft:Paleontology in Kenya
User:Abyssal/List of fossil sites in WV
User:Abyssal/Lists by state tidying checklist
User:Abyssal/Multi image converter
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