Tetrastigma

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Tetrastigma
Some Tetrastigma species
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Vitales
Family: Vitaceae
Tribe: Cayratieae
Genus: Tetrastigma
(Miq.) Planch.[1]

Tetrastigma is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized by their four-lobed stigmas.[2] The species are found in subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, Malesia, and Australia, where they grow in primary rainforest, gallery forest and monsoon forest and moister woodland. Species of this genus are notable as being the sole hosts of parasitic plants in the family Rafflesiaceae, one of which, Rafflesia arnoldii, produces the largest single flower in the world.[3] Tetrastigma is the donor species for horizontal gene transfer to Sapria and Rafflesia due to multiple gene theft events.[4]

Within the Vitaceae, Tetrastigma has long been considered closely related to Cayratia and Cyphostemma[5] and is now placed in the tribe Cayratieae.

Fossil record

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A fossil seed fragment from the early Miocene of Tetrastigma sp., has been found in the Czech part of the Zittau Basin.[6] Tetrastigma macrofossils have been recovered from the late Zanclean stage of Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy.[7]

Etymology

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Tetrastigma is derived from Greek and means 'four stigmas', in reference to its four-lobed stigma.[8]

Species

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As of November 2025[update], Plants of the World Online accepts the following 138 species:[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025.
  2. ^ Chen, Pingting; Chen, Longqing; Wen, Jun (2011). "The first phylogenetic analysis of Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch., the host of Rafflesiaceae". Taxon. 60 (2): 499–512. Bibcode:2011Taxon..60..499C. doi:10.1002/tax.602017.
  3. ^ "Forest Department, Sarawak". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  4. ^ Cai, Liming; Arnold, Brian J.; Xi, Zhenxiang; Khost, Danielle E.; Patel, Niki; Hartmann, Claire B.; Manickam, Sugumaran; Sasirat, Sawitree; Nikolov, Lachezar A.; Mathews, Sarah; Sackton, Timothy B. (January 2021). "Deeply Altered Genome Architecture in the Endoparasitic Flowering Plant Sapria himalayana Griff. (Rafflesiaceae)". Current Biology. 31 (5): 1002–1011.e9. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E1002C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.045. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 33485466.
  5. ^ Soejima, A.; Wen, J. (2006). "Phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae) based on three chloroplast markers". American Journal of Botany. 93 (2): 278–87. Bibcode:2006AmJB...93..278S. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.2.278. PMID 21646189.
  6. ^ Acta Palaeobotanica - 43(1): 9-49, January 2003 - Early Miocene carpological material from the Czech part of the Zittau Basin - Vasilis Teodoridis
  7. ^ Messian to Zanclean vegetation and climate of Northern and Central Italy by Adele Bertini & Edoardo Martinetto, Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 47 (2), 2008, 105-121. Modena, 11 lugio 2008.
  8. ^ Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 376

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