Malolos Congress Congreso de Malolos Congreso Revolucionario | |
|---|---|
.svg) Coat of arms of the Philippines (1898–1901) | |
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Founded | September 15, 1898 |
| Disbanded | November 13, 1899 |
| Preceded by | Cortes of Cádiz Ayuntamiento |
| Succeeded by | Taft Commission |
| Leadership | |
President of the National Assembly | |
Vice President of the National Assembly | |
| Seats | 136[1][a] |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Barasoain Church | |
The Malolos Congress (Spanish: Congreso de Malolos), also known as the Revolutionary Congress (Spanish: Congreso Revolucionario)[3] and formally the National Assembly, was the legislative body of the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines and, later, as the Philippine Republic.
From 1898 to 1899, prior to the Philippine Declaration of Independence and their gathering at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan, for the drafting of the Malolos Constitution, congressional delegates used the Malolos station at the Malolos town center.[4]
Members were chosen in the elections held from June 23 to September 10, 1898. The assembly consisted of elected delegates chosen by balloting in provincial assemblies and appointed delegates chosen by the president to represent regions under unstable military and civilian conditions. The Revolutionary Congress was opened on September 15, 1898. President Emilio Aguinaldo presided over the opening session of the assembly.
After the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 22, 1899, replaced the revolutionary government with the Philippine Republic,[b] the Malolos Congress became the legislative branch of that government, designated in the constitution as the Assembly of Representatives.[5]
Sessions
[edit]- Regular session: September 15, 1898 – November 13, 1899
- Special session: February 4, 1899
Leadership
[edit]
- President: Pedro Paterno
- Vice President: Benito Legarda
- Secretaries:
Members
[edit]
Soldiers of the Philippine Revolutionary Army during a session of the Congress.
Emilio Aguinaldo (seated, center) and ten of the delegates to the first Assembly of Representatives.
| Province | Delegates[1][6][a] | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Abra | Isidro Paredes | Elected |
| Juan Villamor | Elected | |
| Albay | Honorato Agrava | Elected |
| Marcial Calleja | Elected | |
| Salvador del Rosario | Elected | |
| Pantaleon Garcia | Elected | |
| Aguedo Velarde | Appointed | |
| Antique | Ariston Gella | Appointed |
| Vicente Lopez | Appointed | |
| Eusebio Natividad | Appointed | |
| Bataan | Hermogenes Marco | Elected |
| Pedro Teopaco | Elected | |
| Jose Tuazon | Elected | |
| Batanes | Vito Belarmino | Appointed |
| Daniel Tirona | Elected | |
| Batangas | Gregorio Aguilera | Elected |
| Ambrosio Flores | Elected | |
| Eduardo Gutierrez David | Elected | |
| Mariano Lopez | Elected | |
| Bohol | Tranquilino Arroyo | Appointed |
| Anastasio Pinson | Appointed | |
| Pedro Tongio Liongson | Appointed | |
| Bulacan | Trinidad Icasaiano | Elected |
| Pedro Serrano Laktaw | Elected | |
| Mariano Crisostomo Lugo | Elected | |
| Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista | Elected | |
| Cagayan | Anastacio Francisco | Appointed |
| Vicente Guzman Pagulayan | Elected | |
| Pablo Tecson | Appointed | |
| Calamianes | Norberto Cruz Herrera | Appointed |
| Narciso Hidalgo Resureccion | Appointed | |
| S. Isidro | Appointed | |
| Camarines | Tomas Arejola | Elected |
| Justo Lukban | Elected | |
| Mariano Abella | Elected | |
| Valeriano Velarde | Elected | |
| Capiz | Mariano Bacani | Appointed |
| Juan Baltazar | Appointed | |
| Miguel Zaragoza | Appointed | |
| Catanduanes | Jose Alejandrino | Appointed |
| Marcelino de Santos | Appointed | |
| Cavite | Jose Basa | Elected |
| Severino de las Alas | Elected | |
| Hugo Ilagan | Elected | |
| Jose Salamanca | Elected | |
| Cebu | Ariston Bautista | Appointed |
| Felix David | Appointed | |
| Francisco Makabulos | Appointed | |
| Trinidad Pardo de Tavera | Appointed | |
| Ilocos Norte | Gregorio Aglipay | Elected |
| Primitivo Donato | Elected | |
| Martin Garcia | Elected | |
| Jose Luna | Elected | |
| Pedro Paterno | Elected | |
| Pio Romero | Elected | |
| Ilocos Sur | Marcelino Crisologo | Appointed |
| Mariano Fos | Elected | |
| Francisco Tongson | Elected | |
| Ignacio Villamor | Elected | |
| Iloilo | Ariano Hernandez | Appointed |
| Venancio Concepcion | Appointed | |
| Esteban de la Rama | Appointed | |
| Melecio Figueroa | Appointed | |
| Tiburcio Hilario | Appointed | |
| Isabela | Raymundo Alindada | Appointed |
| Eustacio del Rosario | Elected | |
| Abelardo Guzman | Elected | |
| La Union | Mateo del Rosario | Appointed |
| Joaquin Luna | Elected | |
| Miguel Paterno | Appointed | |
| Laguna | Higinio Benitez | Elected |
| Graciano Cordero | Elected | |
| Mauricio Ilagan | Elected | |
| Manuel Sityar | Elected | |
| Lepanto | Leon Apacible | Elected |
| Reymundo Jeciel | Elected | |
| Antonio Rebello | Elected | |
| Leyte | Simplicio del Rosario | Appointed |
| Rafael Guerrero | Appointed | |
| Lucio Navarro | Appointed | |
| Marciano Zamora Concepcion | Appointed | |
| Manila | Arsenio Cruz Herrera | Elected |
| Felix Ferrer Pascual | Elected | |
| Teodoro Gonzales Leaño | Elected | |
| Mariano Limjap | Elected | |
| Masbate | Alberto Barretto | Appointed |
| Maximo Cabigting | Appointed | |
| Mindoro | Antonio Constantino | Elected |
| Arturo Dancel | Appointed | |
| Perfecto Gabriel | Appointed | |
| Morong | Marcelo Mesina | Elected |
| Jose Oliveros | Elected | |
| Negros Occidental | Juan Benson | Appointed |
| Jose de la Vina | Appointed | |
| Antonio Montenegro | Appointed | |
| Negros Oriental | Pio del Pilar | Appointed |
| Mariano Leogardo Oirola | Appointed | |
| Luciano San Miguel | Appointed | |
| Nueva Ecija | Epifanio de los Santos | Elected |
| Gregorio Macapinlac | Elected | |
| Jose Turiano Santiago | Elected | |
| Nueva Vizcaya | Hipolito Magsalin | Appointed |
| Evaristo Panganiban | Elected | |
| Padre Burgos | Joaquin Baltazar | Elected |
| Ceferino de Leon | Appointed | |
| Sixto Zandueta | Appointed | |
| Palaos | Isidro Tiongco | Appointed |
| Pampanga | Joaquin Gonzalez | Elected |
| Ramon Henson | Elected | |
| Enrique Macapinlac | Elected | |
| Jose Rodriguez Infante | Elected | |
| Pangasinan | Sebastian de Castro | Appointed |
| Vicente del Prado | Elected | |
| Antonio Feliciano | Elected | |
| Adriano Garces | Appointed | |
| Paragua | Felipe Calderon | Appointed |
| Domingo Colmenar | Appointed | |
| Samar | Servillano Aquino | Appointed |
| Javier Gonzales Salvador | Appointed | |
| Juan Tongco | Appointed | |
| Sorsogon | Maximino Hizon | Appointed |
| Pedro Lipana | Appointed | |
| Manuel Xerez Burgos | Appointed | |
| Tarlac | Julian Carpio | Elected |
| Juan Nepomuceno | Elected | |
| Victoriano Tañedo | Elected | |
| Tayabas | Sofio Alandy | Elected |
| Jose Espinosa | Appointed | |
| Basilio Teodoro | Appointed | |
| Tucuran | Telesforo Chuidian | Appointed |
| Zambales | Alejandro Albert | Elected |
| Felix S. Bautista | Appointed | |
| Juan Manday Gabriel | Elected | |
| Zamboanga | Felipe Buencamino | Appointed |
| Tomas Mascardo | Appointed | |
| Lazaro Tañedo | Appointed |
In 2006, it was asserted by the president of the Bulacan Historical Society, engineer Marcial Aniag, that among the 85 delegates who convened in Malolos there were 43 lawyers, 17 doctors, five pharmacists, three educators, seven businessmen, four painters, three military men, a priest, and four farmers.[7] Five of the 85 delegates did not have a college degree.[7]
Ratification of the declaration of independence
[edit]One of the first acts of the Revolutionary Congress was the ratification on September 29, 1898 of the Philippine Declaration of Independence against Spain which had been proclaimed on June 12, 1898.[8]
Malolos Constitution
[edit]Mabini had planned for the Revolutionary Congress to act only as an advisory body to the president and submitted a draft of Constitutional Program of the Philippine Republic[8] while Paterno submitted a constitutional draft based on the Spanish Constitution of 1869. The Congress, however, began work to draft a constitution. The resulting document, the Malolos Constitution, was promulgated on January 21, 1899.[8] Its proclamation resulted in the creation of the Philippine Republic, which replaced the Revolutionary Government.
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b In the book Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic by Teodoro Agoncillo, the Malolos Congress had 193 delegates (42 elected and 151 appointed).[2]
- ^ Now commonly referred to as the First Philippine Republic; see the Philippine Republic article for further info.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Kalaw 1927, p. 121 (citing Volume II, Galley 2 of Major J. R. M. Taylor's translation and compilation of captured insurgent records (Taylor 1907))
- ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1897). Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic. University of the Philippines Press. pp. 224 and Appendix F (pp, 658–663). ISBN 978-971-542-096-9.
}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ^ Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005). "Decree of June 23, 1898 establishing the Revolutionary Government". The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972). pp. 37-38. Retrieved February 9, 2021.. (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
- ^ Velasco, Shane (February 1, 2025). "Panandang pangkasaysayan inilagak sa dating PNR train station sa Malolostrans-title=Marker of Malolos Station unveiled" [Marker of Malolos Station unveiled]. Presidential Communications Group. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
- ^ The 1899 Malolos Constitution in Spanish with a side-by-side English translation (Article 33)
- ^ * War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs (1907). "I. Telegraphic Correspondence of Emilio Aguinaldo, July 15, 1898 to February 28, 1899, Annotated" (PDF). In Taylor, John R.M. (ed.). Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records. Combined Arms Research Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
- ^ a b Balabo, Dino (December 10, 2006). "Historians: Malolos Congress produced best RP Constitution". Philippine Star. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
- ^ a b c Kalaw 1927, p. 125
- Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927). The Development of Philippine Politics. Oriental commercial.
Further reading
[edit]- The Malolos Congress (PDF). National Historical Institute. 2010.