 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2023) |
| G with dot above | |
|---|---|
| Ġ ġ | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | alphabetic |
| Sound values | [ɣ] [ʁ] [dʒ] [g~j] [ŋ] |
| In Unicode | U+0120, U+0121 |
| Alphabetical position | 8 (after G) |
| History | |
| Development | |
| Time period | c. 500-present |
| Other | |
| Writing direction | Left-to-right |
Ġ (minuscule: ġ) is a letter of the Latin script, formed from G with the addition of a dot above the letter.
Usage
[edit]Arabic
[edit]Ġ is used in some Arabic transliteration schemes, such as DIN 31635 and ISO 233, to represent the letter غ (ġayn).
Armenian
[edit]Ġ is used in the romanization of Classical or Eastern Armenian to represent the letter Ղ/ղ (ġat).
Chechen
[edit]Ġ is present in the Chechen Latin alphabet, created in the 1990s. The Cyrillic equivalent is гI, which represents the sound /ɣ/.[1]
Iñupiaq
[edit]In some dialects of the Iñupiaq language, an Eskaleut language, Ġ is used to represent the voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/.[2][3][4]
Irish
[edit]Ġ was formerly used in Irish to represent the lenited form of G. The digraph gh is now used.[5]
Maltese
[edit]Ġ is the 7th letter of the Maltese alphabet, preceded by F and followed by G. Pronounced as the English "J" in Jam. It represents the voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ].[6]
Old Czech
[edit]⟨ġ⟩ is sometimes (about 16th century) used to represent real [g], to distinguish it from the letter ⟨g⟩, which represented the consonant [j].
Old English
[edit]⟨Ġ⟩ is sometimes used in modern scholarly transcripts of Old English to represent [j] or [dʒ] (after ⟨n⟩), to distinguish it from ⟨g⟩ pronounced as /ɣ/, which is otherwise spelled identically. The digraph ⟨cg⟩ was also used to represent [dʒ].[7]
Ukrainian
[edit]⟨Ġ⟩ is used in some Ukrainian transliteration schemes, mainly ISO 9:1995, as the letter Ґ.
Phonetic transcription
[edit]⟨ġ⟩ is sometimes used as a phonetic symbol transcribing [ɣ] or [ŋ].
Georgian
[edit]Ġ is used in the transliteration of Georgian to represent the letter ღ.
Computer encoding
[edit]ISO 8859-3 (Latin-3) includes Ġ at D5 and ġ at F5 for use in Maltese, and ISO 8859-14 (Latin-8) includes Ġ at B2 and ġ at B3 for use in Irish.
Precomposed characters for Ġ and ġ have been present in Unicode since version 1.0. As part of WGL4, it can be expected to display correctly on most computer systems.
| Appearance | Code points | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Ġ | U+0120 U+0047, U+0307 |
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G + COMBINING DOT ABOVE |
| ġ | U+0121 U+0067, U+0307 |
LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE LATIN SMALL LETTER G + COMBINING DOT ABOVE |
OpenAI's GPT-2 uses U+0120 (Ġ) as a substitute for the space character in its tokens.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ Koryakov, Yuri B. (2002). Atlas of Caucasian Languages (PDF). Moscow: Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences. pp. 6–7.
- ^ "Dictionaries". Iḷisaqativut. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
- ^ MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (2014). Iñupiatun Uqaluit Taniktun Sivuninit: = Iñupiaq to English Dictionary (PDF). Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press. p. xvi. ISBN 978-1-60223-233-4. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
- ^ Seiler, Wolf (2012). Iñupiatun Dictionary (PDF). SIL International. p. 13. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
- ^ "Symbol Codes | Irish, Old Irish and Manx". Pennsylvania State University. 21 April 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ Robert D. Hoberman (2007). Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). "Chapter 13. Maltese Morphology" (PDF). Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns: 258. ISBN 978-1-57506-109-2. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ Daniel Paul O'Donnell. "The Pronunciation of Old English". University of Lethbridge Personal Web Sites. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Why \u0120 (Ġ) is in so many pairs? · Issue #80 · openai/GPT-2". GitHub.